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Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organisms genome utilize biotechnology. New DNA may be inserted in the soldiery genome by first isolating and copying the genetic actual of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the armament organism. Genes may be removed, or knocked out, using a nuclease. Gene targeting is a divergent technique that uses homologous recombination to win over an endogenous gene, and can be utilize to delete a gene, remove exons, add a gene, or introduce rouse mutations.

An organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be a genetically circumscribed organism (GMO). The first GMOs were bacteria in 1973; GM mice were generated in 1974. Insulin-producing bacteria were commercialized in 1982 and genetically modified food has been sold since 1994.

Genetic engineering techniques relieve oneself been applied in numerous fields including question, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. Enzymes used in laundry detergent and medicines such(prenominal) as insulin and gentleman growth hormone are now manufactured in GM cells, experimental GM cell lines and GM animals such as mice or zebrafish are being used for research purposes, and genetically modified crops have been commercialized.





This article focuses on recital and methods of genetic engineering, and on applications of genetic engineering and of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The article on GMOs focuses on what organisms have been genetically engineered and for what purposes. The both articles cover much of the same ground but with different organizations (sorted by application in this article; sorted by organism in the other). There are separate articles on genetically modified crops, genetically modified food, regulation of the bother of genetic modified organisms, and controversies.





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