Trade Kings A Zambia Consumer Company Marketing Essay

trading world powers A Zambia Consumer Comp both(prenominal) grocerying EssayFor a rigid in its initial supranationalisation, it will demand to physical exertion confirming tradeing strategies where it uses intercessor organisations that have the necessary throw in handling trade gross revenue on behalf of fingerd or low take exportingationinging organisations. As the firms export grows and the firm realises know guidege in the export market including the preparations of the export documents, it may now opt to use the direct export strategy with less use of intermediariesMost companies would prefer to remain domesticated if their domestic market were stri great power enough. Managers would non need to register other languages and laws, dish with volatile currencies, face political and legal uncertainties or redesign their crossways to wooing different customer needs and expectations. A higher(prenominal) degree of exponentiation in the domestic market and the conjunction may need a larger customer base to achieve economies of sale.As cope Kings spread out in Zambia, its trade pesonnel was able to collect information on the capableness opportunities in Malawi. It was actually observed that travelers going to Malawi had introduced the instigant maheu there and was a popular soil. This information provided the basis for conducting formal market research which revealed that the brand would successfully sale in Malawi. The company eventually disgraceed the Malawian Market in 2001 through with(predicate) an indirect export strategy.LEARNING CURVE REQUIREMENTSFirms which point a heavy future involvement magnate need to learn from the experience that close involvement in an overseas market potty bring, roughly companies may not have any major resources and experience in transnational trade. take Kings did not have any experience in international marketing as it was initially only grassing its brands in Zambia.RISKSS ome hazards such as political risks or the risk of the expropriation of overseas assets by foreign government back ups firms visualiseing into overseas markets to persue an indirect exports strategy as it is safer. On the other hand, the risk of losing touch with customers and their requirements would encourage a direct export strategy.There is political stability in Malawi, Mozambique and southwestern Africa and this provided opportunities for bargain Kings to enter these foreign markets. The deprivation of experience in export marketing meant that deal out Kings would have to use already experient exporters, although it would not be in touch with the customers in these countries.CONTROL involveControl over the export operations, particularly over the marketing riffle and the distribution channel varies between indirect and direct exporting strategies. verificatory export strategy offers virtually no control to the exporters. backup Kings had no control over indirect exp orters. These were willing to sale on behalf of interchange Kings. However, backing Kings later opted to use direct export strategy which allowed for greater control over its export operations in Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa.HOW many MARKETS TO ENTERThe company must decide how many foreign markets to enter and how fast to expand. The risk is the substantial resources needed and the difficulty of planning export strategies into many diverse markets. (Kotler 2004, knave 640).EVALUATING POTENTIAL MARKETSIt is important to evaluate the potential drop of several foreign markets. Many companies prefer to cope to neighbouring countries because they understand these countries bust and send packing control their costs effectively.Most Zambians argon familiar with Malawi payable to historical and political factors. Trade Kings would not find it difficult to enter the Malawian Market.DECIDING HOW TO ENTER THE MARKETOnce a company decides to target a particular commonwealth, i t must determine the best trend of incoming. Its broad choices regarding export strategies accommodate an indirect export strategy and a direct import strategy.A firm internationalizing for the first judgment of conviction has no experience in export documentation, lack local knowledge in the foreign market and valuable distribution contacts. Trade Kings had to depend on the experienced exporters. In this case it would have to use indirect export strategy. exportING STRATEGIES tradeing is the easiest, cheapest, and most commonly used route in to a new foreign market. Many firms become exporters in an ad hoc haphazard and reactive way, simply by accepting orders from the potential customers who run across to be based overseas. However it was common for a firm to claim a proactive approach to exporting by the systematic planning and the identification and the selection of target markets for its exports. This kick downs rise to several advantages over those entry methods which require greater involvement in the overseas market.3.1 ADVANTAGES TO THE EXPORTER3.1.1 The principal bring in is that the exporters be able to concentrate production in a case-by-case location, in order to achieve economies of scale and consistency of product quality.Trade Kings would produce the Maheu brand and distribute it to its foreign markets in Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa. The contract as at now does not require the setting up of a found in these countries. However Trade Kings is considering a plant in Malawi that will produce a set of consumer products similar to the ones produced in Zambia.3.1.2 Firms lacking the know-how and experience can try internationalization on a bitty scale. Trade kings had started exporting maheu brand on a small scale until the brand gained popularity in 2002. The demand for the brand had enlarged in Malawi.3.1.3 exportationing enables firms to develop and test their plans and strategies.Trade Kings had to attain the learning cut d induce effect and eventually was able to persue a more expansionary export gross revenue to Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa by persuing direct export strategy.3.1.4 Exporting enables firms to minimize their operational costs, administrative overheads and personnel requirements.3.2 INDIRECT EXPORT STRATEGY3.2.1 EXPORT HOUSESExport house argon firms which facilitate exporting on behalf of the producer. There are three main types of export housesEXPORT MERCHANTSThese act as export principals, they buy goods from a producer and sell them abroad.Trade Kings was able to sell its maheu brand to export merchants in Lusaka who where exporting a range of consumer products in Malawi.ADVANTAGES OF EXPORT HOUSESThe producer gains the benefits of the export houses market knowledge and contacts. Trade kings was able to use a major export house alphabet international export that was able to buy a range of consumer products from confused suppliers in Zambia and transport them to malawi, Mo zambique and South Africa. As business continued with first rudiment company, Trade Kings acquired knowledge that was helpful in setting its declare export market department.Except in the case of export agents the producer is better of the need to do the followingFinance the export transaction mislay the credit riskPrepare export documentationTrade Kings was not able to incur any promotional and distribution expenses. This was borne by first principle Company. All export documentation was make by the exporter.In some cases export merchants receive preferential treatment from foreign institutional and organisational customers.first principle International Exporters is a large company that has been in the export marketing of consumer products to Malawi including supplying goods to government institutions and organizations. It has developed strong relationships with valuable contacts in the country that it exports to. blemishS OF EXPORT HOUSESUltimately, it is not the producer but the marchants decision to market a product and so a producer is at the merchants mercy.At this time the merchant was buying less Trade Kings brand in orientation to their company brands.Any goodwill created in the market usually benefits the Merchant and not the producer.As with all intermediaries, an export house or Merchants might attend a variety of producing organization. An individual producer cannot rely on the Merchants exclusive loyalty.Trade kings brands has created strong loyalty in Malawi, However first principle Company was not effectively marketing the brand. It was also over -pricing the brand jumper cable to lower sales. The exporter also was also increasing stock of Trade Kings Competitor. This lead to the creation of Trade Kings export marketing department.Export houses are not normally willing to enter into long term arrangements with a producer.Trade King had entered with a 2 (two) yr contract with alphabet International Exporters as they did not want a 5 (fi ve) year contract initially.However as demand for the brand change magnitude in Malawi, the exporter wanted a long term contract.Trade Kings entered in to contract with a specialist export management firm, International Distributors contain, a specialist export Consultancy and logistics firm.DISADVANTAGES OF SPECIALIST EXPORT MANAGEMENTThe drawbacks of using the specialist export managers include-As the export manager is an independent organisation, it can leave the producers service and the producer will have gained as inhouse expertise.The contract was not re-create because the international distributor firm lacked the resources to fully exploit the foreign markets.As the producer does not learn from experience of exporting, this may adversely profess future options by restricting those available.The Trade Kings did not benefit any export knowledge from the distributors as all export management functions were done by the firm.The specialist export manager may not have suffici ent knowledge of all the producers in the market.International distributors proved to lack adequate knowledge in the foreign markets in which Trade Kings could subjoin its sales.3. COMPLIMENTARY EXPORTINGComplementry exporting or piggy back exporting occurred when one producing organisation refered to as the carrier uses its own established international marketing channels to market the products of another producer referred to as the passenger as well as its own.ADVANTAGES OF COMPLIMENTARY EXPORTINGThere are advantages to both the carrier and the rider as followsThe carrier earns increased internet from a better use of distribution capacity and can sell a more attractive product range.The rider obtains entry to a market at low cost and low risk.Trade Kings did not use this mode of indirect export strategy.4. TURNKEY CONTRACTSTurnkey contracts may also provide opportunities for complementary exporting. A single firm engage in a particular project overseas such as construction, pet roleum refining, pharmaceutical and civil engineering projects will often acquire products and services from other firms in the home country for the project. (Hill 2005, page 485)Trade kings did not use much of indirect export strategy.DIRECT EXPORT STRATEGYDirect export strategy occurs where the producing organisation itself performs the export tasks quite than using an intermediary. Sales are made like a shot to customers overseas who may be wholesalers, retailers or final users. Sales may increasingly be made via e- commerce on the internet.As the volume of sales increased and a forcast of demand showed that Trade Kings brand were steadily growing including detergents, candles, fit in ticks. Sweets , snacks and bathing soaps. Marketing in this environment is similar to the marketing in the domestic market, although there are the added problems of distance product regulations language and culture.(Hill, 2005 Page 488)OVERSEAS AGENCIESOverseas export agent is an overseas firm h ire to effect a sales contract between the principal (i.e the exporter) and a customer. Agents do not take title of goods, they earn a commission.Trade Kings entered into a contract with Malawi export agent, Malawi export Limited.THE ADVANTAGES OF OVERSEAS AGENTSAn exporter may use overseas agents due to the following reasons-They have extensive knowledge and experience of overseas market and the customers.Malawi Export Limited, an indeginous local firm, large importer was able to increase the sale of trade Kings products.Their existing product range is usually complementary to the exporters. This may help the exporter penetrate the overseas market. Unlike ABC international exporters who were able to stock Trade Kings Competitors brands.The exporter does have to make a large investment outlay. Trade Kings did not have to spend resources in construction a depot and managing it. This was all done by the Malawi Export Limited.The political risk is lowMalawi export Limited is an indigen ous Malawian firm and has vast local knowledge and local contraact. It is able to withstand any political challenges in Malawi.DISADVANTAGES OF USING OVERSEAS AGENTSThe disadvantages of using overseas agents and these areAn intermediarys commitment and motivation may be weaker than the producers. The Malawi export Limited was even able to market others brand by different suppliers and was based towards brands whose overthrow was very high compared to Trade Kings brands.Agents usually want steady derangement using an agent may not be the most entrance way of selling low volume, high value goods with unsteady patterns of demand, or where sales are infrequent.Trade Kings brand were of average turnover and Malawi Export Limited failing to meet the expectations of Trade Kings. This led to the formation of a Trade Kings appendage slip in Malawi. This would also deal with Mozambique and South Africa.Many agents are too small to exploit a major market to its full extent. Many service only limited geographical segments.As a market grow large it becomes less competent to use as an agent. A branch office or secondary company will achieve economics of scale.The demand for the Trade king brands kept on growing since 2004 and management had to commit its resources in maturation an overseas branch office in Malawi.A careful analytic thinking was done by Trade Kings prior to the selection of the Malawi Export Limited Company to act as an overseas agent for the Malawian market. political party BRANCH OFFICES ABROADA firm can establish its own office in a foreign market for the purpose of marketing and distributing its product.ADVANTAGES OF A COMPANY BRANCH OFFICEThe advantage of Companys branch office in setting its own distribution office, a firm may have the following advantagesWhen sales have reached a certain level branch offices become more effective than agencies.A Trade King Branch was finally opened in the capital city, Lilongwe in Malawi on 1st June, 2005 w ith most staff being Malawians.Sales death penalty will improve as the commitment and motivation of a producers own staff should be more effective than those of an agent.Trade Kings Staff were committed to ensure that they attained the sales targets. The level of motivation was high leading to surpassed sales targets in 2006, this lead to the expansion of the branch to also effectively manage sales in Mozambique.The producer retains complete marketing control. Trade Kings had now a strong presence in Malawi and in Mozambique.The branch was now able to pursue aggressive marketing of Trade Kings brands through advertising campaigns, sales promotions campaigns and participation in trade exhibitions in Malawi and Mozambique.DISADVANTAGE OF COMPANY BRANCH OFFICES ABROADTrade Kings experienced the following drawbacks when it set- up firm setting an overseas Company branch in Malawihigher(prenominal) investment overhead and running costs are entailed.There can be a political risk particu laly expropriation of assets.The firm will be subject to local staff legislation which it may not welcome. endMode of entry has implications for the distribution channel. Although in domestic markets firms often give some control over distribution to intermediaries this problem is magnified in international terms. Trade Kings later experienced distribution problems through its indirect export strategy in Malawi. The distributors had earlier on provided Trade Kings with higher sales. However it started to over stock a range of products from various competing firms. This led to a decline in Trade Kings maheu brand despite the product having established brand loyalty on the Malawian market.It can be observed that, for many overseas operations means they are laboured into the aims of intermediaries even though this may not be the ideal means of the satisfying the needs of the end consumers.Trade kings enventually had to opt for investing directly in the Malawian market through a direc t export strategy.

The congenital heart disease

The congenital warm uni singledness diseaseDoes an habit Program following cardiac Surgery for innate embrace Defects advance a Childs Cardiopulmonary chemical reaction to execution and Increase recitation Tolerance?Introductionpaediatric cardiac Problems ar prevalent throughout the world with 1.5 million new cases diagnosed apiece year. connatural sum indisposition (CHD) is the around common diagnosis of lovingness line of works at birth. Between four and nine per one thousand last births individu entirelyy year ar diagnosed with the condition (Draper 2008). In 2007, 989 live births were record of babies with cardiovascular abnormalities ( subject Statistics 2007). natural oculus Disease is an umbrella term which encompasses alto packher tender philiaedness defects that be present when a child is born. The child whitethorn deport one or multiple defects at birth which sack e rattling be detected by a s nookie ante-nat whollyy or are diagnosed soon after (prenominal) birth. Although the diagnosis of CHD is at once becoming easier, several(prenominal) diagnoses of the condition do not happen till later on in life. Statistics draw that around 60% of congenital mall disease are diagnosed in babies advanced from birth to one year, 30% in children draw and quarter alongd one to fifteen, and 10% in adulthood (16 years and all over) (BHF 2003). galore(postnominal) another(prenominal)(prenominal) common conditions include a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), an atrial Septal Defect (ASD), Pulmonary Artery Stenosis, Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) (Fig. 1) and Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) (Fig. 2). nonheritable nucleus Disease is now not just a problem of the child, many people with the condition are now living into adulthood. It is predicted that by 2010, 185,000 people volition be living in the UK with CHD (Deanfield (BHF) 2003). Treatment for Congenital Heart Conditions has transferd rapidly over the last 50 years. Now surgical management is needed in most cases however whatever defects will either resolve themselves or require medication. Surgical treatment has changed in recent times, fewer patients are requiring open heart surgical process and more(prenominal) than than are receiving a catheterisation technique. Around 3,100 ope symmetryns and 725 handlingal cardiac catheterisations are performed each year on babies and children with CHD (BHF 2003).The personal exploits of surgical interventions on cardiorespiratory cash in ones chips sport been thoroughly enquiryed in the past. The studies absorb concluded that procedure does improve lung and cardiac shimmerction and reduces secondary complications (Picchio 2006). habit is widely known as the best treatment for most musculoskeletal problems still its arranges on the cardiopulmonary system has scarce recently been interrogationed into (Cullen 1991). Pulmonary and Cardiac renewal bedevil now been staten to create an put in adults nevertheless the research into paediatric rehabilitation classes is not widely known about.Other studies have looked at representative training or a cardiac rehabilitation programmes following mental process and the effect of this on the patients movement tolerance. I am going to use this examine to measure out these studies which look at some(prenominal) cardiac rehabilitation programmes and similarly aims of recitation tolerance following surgery. I want to discuss whether on that point are any gaps in the fellowship base surrounding the do of case in cardiac surgery of paediatrics. I also want to conclude whether the assumption that illustration is positivistic, gutter be correctly justified.Methodafter deciding a outlet I was able to start researching into the background area of paediatric cardiology. I started by exploitation a combination of terms including, Exercise, Sports, Physical Activity, Paediatrics, Children, Post-Cardiac Surgery, Congenital Heart Disease, Congenital Heart Defects and Cardiac Rehabilitation. The search pages I build highlighted articles of relevance and so I employ the link to related articles to incur the studies (see appendix 1). I also searched on individual journal websites including, Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiology in the Young. I used databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Ovid, Science call for and Springerlink to read abstracts of articles and find out their relevance to my review. I then selected the most relevant and used surmount to compile a table where I could easily see the disputes in the studies under headings (see appendix 4).The studies I am looking at are all based on paediatrics and are randomised controlled trials go out from 1981 to 2009. Although some of the studies are nearly thirty years aged(prenominal), they hold some strong evidence compared to present day studies and thence I have not discounted older studies from this review.Other reviews have assessed whether ex ercise has an impact on cardiopulmonary performance and have been shown that an exercise rehabilitation class does win benefits in cardiopulmonary performance and exercise capacity. Some of the studies that are being reviewed however are concluding with insignificant findings. The reviews have stated that research lacks long-term effects of training and also a clear perceptiveness as to which exercise type is best (Tomassoni 1996). In this review I will try look at newer studies and see if the areas of knowledge that were order to be omitted after previous reviews have now been researched into.Review of Studies first off I am going to discuss the interrogation of the musicians. All of the studies unblemished two exercise tests to assess the actors ability forwards and after either the cardiac rehabilitation program or surgery. Exercise testing is very difficult to reproduce. Many studies have problems with ensuring the test is accu enumerate and reliable and many struggle, ca utilize entrusts and testing to be antithetic and therefore not comparable. If the results are not accurate and cannot be compared to other studies the results can cause a change in average results and therefore whitethorn mis drop dead readers into a false positive result.Each of the studies used either a tread-wheel test or a cycle ergometer to test their participants cardiopulmonary function and exercise tolerance. Using these two tests is the most common technique of testing function as it is very reliable. (Washington 1994) All studies used a specific protocol outlined in the Washington Guidelines with all of the studies using a treadmill test with five of the thirteen studies using Bruces protocol. Bruces protocol is where the grade of exercise is change magnitude every 3 minutes until the participant has reached their maximum capacity and cannot continue. The bicycle ergometer tests are where the participants are required to cycle continuously at approximately 50-60r pm where the grade of exercise is increased by 10-20 watts/ minute every three minutes. This is also completed until the participant can no longer continue (Washington 1994).Exercise testing using a treadmill or a cycle ergometer causes problems because the designate they are undertaking in the test are is not operational and do not relate to daily tasks. Running and cycling is working(a) but not to that grade of exhaustion. Many children normally will bank check an exercise when they are tiring and will never push themselves to the level that these exercise tests are pushing them. The tasks are also not fun for the participants and I feel that it should be fun otherwise children will get bored. This is the same with the intervention as well and the programmes should be child oriented and individual to each child.Outcome Measures are the basis to the results of a direct and therefore its stiffness. A lack of certain resultant role measures may show elephantine flaws in a ca ll for as many can be used to assess variant parts of function and physiologic activities. In the studies looking at the effects of cardiovascular surgery, there were a limited repress of outcome measures that were looked at. Sarubbi (2000) unaccompanied looked at heart rate and blood pressure as outcome measures and this limits results. The main outcome measures were heart rate, blood pressure and maximum work rate in all the studies. These outcome measures although very limited are values that help us to go out cardiovascular activities. Other helpful measures would have been oxygen saturations, which nevertheless Rhodes studies (2005/6) looked into. Saturations are helpful to assess whether a change in heart rate or blood pressure affects saturations or whether a change in these may be due to a ventilation problem. (Rivers 2001)The outcome measures of the cardiac rehabilitation studies are all different but all have similarly looked at exercise capacity after the interventio n. This is shown by all the studies using VO2 as a measure and that all the participants modify their VO2 maximum to allow for a greater exercise capacity. The only study that did not prove an increase in VO2 max was Goldbergs study (1981) which only showed an improvement in maximum work rate. This could have been due to the check in which the study was undertaken. This was one of the earlier studies done in 1981 and therefore technology may not have been as accurate or as reliable as some of the later studies done since 2000. up to now Goldbergs study was the one that had the most intervention time of all the studies with exercise of up to 45 minutes completed on alternate eld with a strict regime to increase grade of exercise over the 6 weeks. This leads me to believe that maybe it was inappropriate testing or faulty technology that changed the results of the study as previous reviews have shown that an increase in exercise time has shown to have positive effects on health. A s technology has developed since the early eighties, this may be why more accurate testing is used and therefore making results more positive to the outcome we wish.Another problem in trials of this sort is deference. Compliance is of all time an comeback when completing studies (Burke 1997). Initially recruiting people to come in is difficult and many people with either choose not to participate or may drop-out early in the study. Many people will not participate because of exercise testing being in like manner invasive or because of geographic implications as the distance to the base of the study being an issue. Some of the studies had voluminous drop-out rates with almost 30% decrease in patients initially workable for the treatment plan and those who undertook the tests in the study (Arvidsson 2009). I think this could be explained by that the studies involved child participants that are less compliant to long term programmes and who tire easily to an activity. Also due to the nature of the surgery that they have all completed, many parents will be protective over their children and be pushing the participants exercise tolerance will make many parents worried about their childs health. Much of this can be avoided by specifically explaining the procedures and answering any questions that the parent or participant may have to educate them that this a treatment plan and is not going to stuff their childs recovery or health.Also intervention time is a study issue when looking at trials. Some may be eld long and others have follow-ups of years once the intervention has finished. The studies that focus on Cardiac rehabilitation all have various time scales of their intervention with the shortest program being half-dozen weeks (Goldberg 1981) and the longest around twenty weeks (Opocher 2005). The distinction in timescale and the different number of sessions that the participants attend makes it difficult to assess whether it is the field of the progra m that affects the patients or whether just exercising over a longer, more sustained period of time effects the participants in the same way. I think studies that look at different contents of treatment programmes but have a fixed intervention time may be beneficial in deciding the aim of this review.When looking at the studies, all of the cardiac rehabilitation programs only assess the patients exercise performance straightaway after the program and only one study looks at the effects of the program long term. Rhodes et al 2005 firstly looked at the ready effect of a cardiac rehabilitation program and then in 2006 did another study looking at the same participants of the previous study six months after the original program. The studies that look at exercise capacity before and after surgery also do not look at the effects of the cardiovascular system in response to exercise on a long term scale. Long term effects are the best indicator to say that function and exercise capacity h as ameliorate (Miller 2005).Sociodemographics of the subjects in a study are also weighty to review as to its involvement in accuracy of results. Different age ranges or male to female ratios cause studies to be inaccurate in onerous to generalise the race classify. Many of the studies had a very large age range within their participant groups with the largest difference being 17.6 years in Marino et als study in 2005. I feel that the exercise difference between a seven year old is very different to that of a twenty-four year old. I feel that a large age range is used to increase subject numbers. Male womanish ratios are also important and that a large majority in these studies had male participants. The riskygest ratio of male to female was in Opochers (2005) study where there were nine male participants and only one female participants. The best ratio of male female was either Moalla (2006) study with 44 males and 39 females. This is important as I believe men and women rea ct differently to exercise. idea numbers is also a large problem with these studies. Due to most of the studies only looking at the children that have had surgery in their authority or hospital they have decreased their subject numbers and none of the studies look at the effects on large number of subjects on a national scale. The studies that looked at cardiac rehabilitation all have subject numbers under 16 which is a very big limitation. The only studies that have larger numbers are the ones that look at exercise capacity after surgery. By having participants that are only from the immediate area of the study base also means you do not get a generalised view of everyone nationally and you may not cover different children from different backgrounds socially and economically and so may have different attitudes to rehabilitation, treatment and self-management.Studies with participants that are not generalised to their population group can therefore produce a bias result to that spe cific population group. Also having different backgrounds of participants is important in assessing their compliance and what individual exercise programme they should be given. Having a specific age range is particularly important as many of the subjects may be inappropriate for the programme due to their age. Some of the subjects may be too young and using subjects that are under six years old would be inappropriate due to the subjects being too young to understand the instructions of the study. Using older subjects may also cause different results as their bodies have had longer to regain independent function and the personate has had time to compensate for a lack in cardiopulmonary function. I think it is important to keep variables as succinct as practical and trials should be able to based on one variable totally and truly work on whether surgery or exercise has an effect on that variable independently.Effects of Cardiac RehabilitationThe studies looking at cardiac rehabili tation all have an exercise programme mend up for their patients either at home (Moalla 2006) or in an outpatient move (Ruttenberg 1983). These sessions ranging in therapy time from one hour alternate days to one hour once a week, all show an increase in either cardiopulmonary performance or in exercise tolerance. This shows that a rehabilitation programme is appropriate for these patients and does have a positive effect on the participants life. Rhodes studies (2005/6) had the greatest effect on the patients final outcome. Not only did most of the testing result in significant effects but the large range of outcome measures used means that we can assess not only the cardiovascular performance of the participant but also look at the pulmonary effects of the exercise and their effects of the heart and the cardiac system.What we can also see from this review is that the cardiac rehabilitation programmes are becoming more significant in results as the studies get newer. This is a goo d indicator that current programmes are being effective in their rehabilitation (Opocher 2005, Rhodes 2005/6, Moalla 2006) and that newer techniques and more knowledge on exercise has lead to better run classes which not only improve results more consistently than the older studies and that the effects from an initial programme can also be maintained for 6months after intervention (Rhodes 2006).Effects of Cardiovascular Surgerydeuce of the studies looking at effects of surgery only have exercise testing after the surgery. The study by Arvidsson only used the number of sports sessions a week that the participant goes to after the surgery. Therefore a direct comparison between their before and after the surgery ability cannot be done and so the study is only looking at their sports intricacy after surgery and not the effects of the surgery. However these studies do show that after surgery childrens exercise tolerance increases to the level that healthy participants are achieving (Zac cara 2003) and they are participating in equal amounts of sports booking following surgery (Arvidsson 2009)Future ideasIn future studies, long term effects of cardiac rehabilitation should be researched, with a follow-up test of a least(prenominal) a year after their rehabilitation to see if the participant is now more active. I also think a control group should be used in the study to look at the effects of non-surgical patients that also participate in cardiac rehabilitation. This is to assess whether the improvement seen during cardiac rehabilitation is not just a response to any exercise and that if a child went back to normality and participating in sports then they will just be as exercise tolerant as children who do not have CHD. Also I would suggest that an exercise programme for the patients that is more functional but also fun and fleshle for the patient should be used to increase compliance and also habit for the participants and their parents.ConclusionIn conclusion , Cardiac surgery is a commonly used form of reducing congenital heart defects and has been shown by these studies that the surgery does have an improvement on the patients cardiopulmonary performance. I have also piece that a cardiac rehabilitation programme is beneficial for paediatric patients after cardiac surgery for congenital heart defects.References/ BibliographyArvidsson, D (2009) Physical Activity, sports participation and aerobic fitness in children who have undergone surgery for congenital heart defects. Acta Paediatrica 98 pp. 1475-1482Balfour, I. (1991) Pediatric Cardiac Rehabilitation. AJDC- masses 145 pp. 627-630Bradley, L. (1985) Effect of penetrating oxidative Training on Exercise Performance in Children After Surgical Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot or Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries. The American Journal of Cardiology intensity 56 pp.816-818Burke, L. (1997) Compliance with cardiovascular disease measure strategies A review of the research. Annals of Behavioural Medicine. Volume 19, number 3, pp. 239-263Cullen, S. (1991) Exercise in Congenital Heart Disease. Cardiology in the Young 1 pp. 129-135Deanfield J. (2003) Congenital Heart Disease Statistics (accessed on 8/11/09) British Heart Foundation Statistics Database www.heartstats.org disease participate in sport and in which kind of sport? Journal Of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7 pp. 234-238Draper, Dr. Richard (2008) Congenital Heart Disease in Children (accessed on 3/11/09) http//www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Congenital-Heart-Disease-(CHD)-in-Children.htmECHO (Evelina Childrens Heart Organisation) (accessed on 15/11/2009) http//www.echo-evelina.org.uk/Goldberg, B. (1981) Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance of Children Following Surgical Repair of Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics Vol. 68 No.5 pp. 691-699http//graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/18088.jpghttp//graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/8807.jpgMarino, B. (2006) Exercise Pe rformance in children and adolescents after the Ross procedure. Cardiology in the Young 16 40-47Miller, T. (2005) Exercise rehabilitation of paediatric patients with cardiovascular disease. Progress in Paediatric Cardiology Volume 20, pp. 27-37Minamisawa, S. (2001) Effect of Aerobic Training on Exercise Performance in Patients After the Fontan Operation. The American Journal of Cardiology Volume 88 pp. 695-699Moalla, W. (2006) Effect of exercise training on respiratory muscle oxygenation in children with congenital heart disease. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 13 604-611National Statistics (2007) Congenital anomaly Statistics Notifications. Office for National Statistics. Series MB3, no.22Opocher, F. (2005) Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training in Children After the Fontan Operation. The American Journal of Cardiology Vol. 95 pp.150-152Picchio F. (2006) Can a child who has been operated on for congenital heartRhodes J. (2006) prolong Effects of Card iac Rehabilitation in Children with serious Congenital Heart Disease. Paediatrics Volume 1183 pp.586-592Rhodes, J. (2005) Impact of Cardiac Rehabiliation on the Exercise Function of Children with Serious Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics Volume 1166 pp.1339-1345Rivers, E. (2001) Central venous oxygen saturation monitoring in the critically ill patient. Current Opinion in Critical Care. Volume 7, issue 3, pp. 204-211Ruttenberg, H. (1983) Effects of Exercise Training on Aerobic Fitness in Children after Open Heart Surgery. Pediatric Cardiology Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 19-24Sarubbi, B. (2000) Exercise contentedness in Young Patients after Total Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. Paediatric Cardiology 21 211-215Tomassoni, T. (1996) Role of exercise in the management of cardiovascular disease in children and youth. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise. Volume 28(4), pp 406-413Washington RL. Et al. (1994) Guidelines for exercise testing in the pediatric age group. Journal of the American Heart Association. Volume 90pp. 2166-2179Zaccara, A. (2003) Cardiopulmonary Performances in Young Children and Adolescents Born with Large abdominal Wall Defects. Journal of Pediatric Surgery Volume 383 pp 478-481

Advance Communications Systems Gsm Information Technology Essay

Advance conversations Systems Gsm In stageion engineering EssayIn Tele communication theory industriousnesss, cellular is the fastest and very demanding Technology. Today, It is representing a constant increasing percentage of all sound subscriptions around the globe. GSM is the most fashionable exampleised for fluid telephony arrangings. It is estimated that around 80% of worldwide vigorous market applys this streamer. Currently there be about 4 one thousand million cellular referees around the world. GSM differs from its previous technologies in that both intercommunicateling and speech channel be digital. Thus GSM is considered as 2nd Generation (2G).Definition spherical remains for wandering communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group naturalized in 1982 to create a common European erratic tele foretell standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European expedit ious cellular radiocommunication system operating at 900 megahertz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe go out mating the GSM partnership.The GSM family of technologies has provided the world with industrious communications since 1991. In over twenty long sequence of development, GSM has been continually enhanced to provide platforms that deliver an increasingly broad commit of roving go as demand grows. Where the constancy started with plain role calls, it in a flash has a powerful platform capable of supporting unsettled broadband and multimedia services. GSM is now utilize in 219 countries and territories serving to a greater extent than three billion people and providing travellers with admission fee to planetary services wheresoever they go.GSMAn open, digital cellular engine room utilize for transmitting rambling vocalism and selective information servicesEDGEAn open, digital cellular engineering science utilize for transmitting mobile vo ice and entropy servicesHSPAAn open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data servicesGPRSAvery widely deployed wireless data service, available now with most GSM communicates3G/WCDMAThe air interface for one of the International Telecommunications Unions family of third-generation mobile communications systemsLTEDesigned to be backwards-compatible with GSM and HSPA, Long Term Evolution incorpo judge MIMO in cabal with OFDMAGSM RoamingThe ability for a customer to do workand touch calls, sendand receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the insurance coverage atomic number 18a of their home lucreIMBA technology, defined as a part of the 3GPP Rel. 8 standard, which enables spectrally-efficient delivery of Broadcast services utilize TDD radio techniques.2. GSM netThe GSM skillful specifications define the diametric entities that form the GSM network by defining their functions and interface requirements.The GSM network erect be divided into quadruplet of import partsThe runny Station (MS).The bag Station Subsystem (BSS).The entanglement and Switching Subsystem (NSS).The cognitive operation and Support Subsystem (OSS).The architecture of the GSM network is presented in account 1.3. GSM Network achievementsGSM network architectureThere are intravenous feeding main areas of GSM Network erratic station (MS)Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)Base-station subsystem (BSS)Simplified GSM Network Architecture active stationMobile stations (MS) are too widely known as mobile equipment (ME), cell or mobile phones. This is the part of a GSM cellular network which is used and operated by exploiter. The size of mobile phone In new years is becoming more and more smaller whereas the level of functionality has greatly increased. The two basic section of mobile phone are the hardware and the SIM.The main element of the mobile phone is hardware which includes the display, case, battery.A nonher important element of the Mobile are the electronics which are used to generate the signal, and process the data receiver and to be contagious. International Mobile Equipment identity operator (IMEI) is installed in the phone at manufacture and cannot be changed. The network can check whether the mobile has been reported as stolen with its IMEI composition the registration of the phone.The network determines the identity of the user with The SIM or Subscriber Identity Module. The SIM includes variety of information including a subdue known as the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)The GSM network subsystem contains a variety of different elements. This is the element of GSM which provides the main control and interfacing for the whole mobile network. NSS is also known as the nucleus network and includes the following elementsAuthentication fondnessHome Location tapeSMS approachVisitor Location Regist erEquipment Identity RegisterGateway Mobile Switching CentreMobile Switching services CentreBase Station Subsystem (BSS)The system used to communicate with other mobiles on a network is called Base Station Subsystem (BSS) section . It consists of two elementsBase Station assertlerBase Transceiver StationOperation and Support Subsystem (OSS)Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) is used to control and monitor the overall GSM network and is committed to components of the NSS and the BSC.It is also used to control the traffic load of the BSS. As the proofreader population increases with the resulted do of BS, some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, thus it allows savings in the cost of ownership of the system. Each interface between the different elements of the GSM network is defined in the GSM structure. This facilitates the information interchanges can take tell and also that network elements from different manufacturers can be used.Development of GSM direct In terface is the primeval elements of the development of the GSM, Global System for Mobile Communications. Elements including the modulation, GSM slot structure, burst structure and the like were all devised to provide the optimum functioning. changeover format is an important development of the GSM standard , the way in which the system is time division multiplexed, which provides a considerable impact on the performance of the system as a whole. For example, the modulation format for the GSM air interface and battery life are directly associated and the time division format adopted enabled the cellphone handset cost to be considerably cut down as detailed later.Reference http//www.brighthub.com/mobile/windows-mobile-platform/articles/14286.aspxixzz0hoQeU6uY4. GSM Advantages DisadvantagesGSM AdvantagesGSM is grown-up authority this development means a more constant network with healthy features.Fewer signal fall inside buildings.Ability to use repeaters. address-time is general ly advanced in GSM phones due to the pulse temper of contagion.The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to change networks and handsets.GSM covers almost all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem.The subscriber can enjoy the broadest international coverage. It is possible with the GSM roaming service. peachy coverage indoors on 850/900 megacycle per second. Repeaters possible.Very good due to uncomplicated protocol, good coverage and mature, power-efficient chipsets.Some More Advantages most popularCommunicationMobile, wireless communication, support for voice and data services.Total mobilityInternational access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers.Worldwide connectivityOne number, the network handles every spatial relation. high-pitched capacityBetter relative frequency efficiency, smaller cells, and more customers per cell.High transmission qualityHigh audio recording quality and reliability for wireless.D isadvantages of GSMPulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with some electronics, especially confident audio amplifiers. 3G uses W-CDMA now.Intellectual property is concentrated among a few constancy participants, creating barriers to accession for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers.GSM has a permanent uttermost cell site enjoin of 35 km, which is imposed by technical limitations.GSM has some disadvantages when compared to some of the newer mobile network technologies.GSM is known as a second-generation system. Third-generation systems feature higher data transfer rates. Higher transfer rates allow better call quality and additional services such(prenominal) as high-quality streaming video and high-speed Internet capabilities.Evolution from 2G to 3G2G networks were built mainly for voice data and slow transmission. Due to fastchanges in user expectation, they do not gather todays wireless needs.Cellular mobile telecommunications netw orks are being upgraded to use 3Gtechnologies from 1999 to 2010. Japan was the first country to antecede 3Gnationally.How is 3G different from 2G and 4GWhile 2G stands for second-generation wireless telephone technology, 1Gnetworks used are analog, 2G networks are digital and 3G (third-generation)technology is used to enhance mobile phone standards.3G helps to concurrently transfer both voice data (a telephone call) andnon-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging e-mail, andinstant messaging. The highlight of 3G is video telephony. 4G technologystands to be the future standard of wireless devices.5. GSM Applications1. GSM-R (Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway)GSM-R is the latest technology for railway communications found on International wireless communications standards. The GSM-R system is based on GSM and EIRENE-MORANE specifications and it guarantee at 350 mph without any data passing play in communication.GSM-R is one part ofERTMS(European Rail Traffic Management System) which is quiet ofGSM-R.ETCS(European Train Control System).Frequency bandGSM-R uses a specificfrequency band in Europe, which is as follows876MHz 880MHz used for data transmission (uplink)921MHz 925MHz used for data reception (downlink) descent spacing is 200kHz.GSM-R occupied a lower extension of GSM 900MHz frequencies (890MHz 915MHz range for transmission and 935MHz 960MHz range for reception), as per 3GPP TS 05.05 V8.20.0 (2005-11). InChinaGSM-R occupied a 4MHz wide range of the E-GSM band (900MHz-GSM).GSM-R usesGSM-R allows the services and applications for mobile communications in many domainsTransmission of Long Line Public Address (LLPA) announcements to far stations down the lineControl and fosterion (Automatic Train Control/ETCS) andERTMS)Communication between train driver and regulation centre,Communication of on-board working(a) peopleInformation sending forETCSCommunication betweentrain stations,smorgasbord yardandrail tracks2. GSM for Disaster ManagementGSM Technology is being used for prevention in tragedys. Many cellular companies offer charity disaster relief services to the effected areas. The response program is an initiative to make sure that the communications are going on during disasters. The response aggroup is made up of volunteers and telecom engineers who bring their equipments and the whole Mini-GSM system. Basically this is an stallion Portable Mobile Network so that the effected people can live contact with the other people around the world. As we lease seen in Haiti Earthquake disaster.3. Remote monitoring applications using GSM TelemetryRemote tank car Level MonitoringWireless Remote Monitoring for PumpsLeakage detective work in TanksAutomated Condition MonitoringRemote communications to PLC using GSM TelemetryGSM Odometer ( gasoline mileage Management System)GSM odometer is such a device used to facilitate cash in ones chips boldness of vehicles. This testament report all required inf ormation about the vehicle through E-mail or mobile SMS. This device is based on GSM modem with embedded software. This is concept is called Mileage attention System. This is a very useful technology for those organizations which need vehicle administration on daily basis. This system is richly compatible with your vehicle and telephone exchange control room. GSM odometer also reports the following informationThe total number of working hours of the vehiclesSpeed profiles of the vehiclesTracking using GSM location serviceBenefits of Mileage Management SystemIt provides very accurate mileage information of the vehicle. elementary vehicle service recall.Better customer services.Less process time70 to 80% reduction in cost for daily fleet administration.Correct invoicing, information about the mileage may easily be integrated into the fleet owners billing and administrationEnhanced trade protectionMobile Application SecurityThe mobile users around the globe are steady increasing an d hopefully will continue to grow more quick in future. Openess offers benefits to the customers, device management and operators. But on the other habd oppenness also chanllenges the security risks and malicious applications. Therefore security is the delineate concern for the mobile and communications industry.GSM Association Mobile Application Security Initiativeidentify the need of security applications crossways mobile operating systems to reduce the malware while facilitating the users. The challenge for mobbile applications are many. Some are included which areProactively protect mobile users from fraud and malicious applicationsAssure quality and accountability of mobile applicationsMaintain trust in mobile platforms (and vitiate similar problems in the Internet world)Secure existing and future businessProtect operators against costs originating from malicious applicationsFacilitate certification processes to reduce barriers for developersEnsure consistency across differ ent OS platforms and operators.6. GSM Security and EncryptionDescription of GSM Security FeaturesSecurity in GSM consists of the following aspects subscriber identity authentication, subscriber identity confidentiality, foretoken data confidentiality, and user data confidentiality. The subscriber is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). This information, along with the individual subscriber authentication expose (Ki), constitutes sensitive identification credentials analogous to the electronic Serial Number (ESN) in analog systems such as AMPS and TACS. The endeavor of the GSM authentication and encryption schemes is such that this sensitive information is never transmitted over the radio channel. Rather, a challenge-response mechanism is used to perform authentication. The demonstrable conversations are encrypted using a temporary, randomly generated ciphering key (Kc). The MS identifies itself by means of the transitory Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), which is issued by the network and may be changed periodically (i.e. during hand-offs) for additional security.Signal and Data ConfidentialityThe SIM contains the ciphering key generating algorithm (A8) which is used to produce the 64-bit ciphering key (Kc). The ciphering key is computed by applying the like random number (RAND) used in the authentication process to the ciphering key generating algorithm (A8) with the individual subscriber authentication key (Ki). As will be shown in later sections, the ciphering key (Kc) is used to encrypt and decode the data between the MS and BS. An additional level of security is provided by having the means to change the ciphering key, making the system more resistant to eavesdropping. The ciphering key may be changed at regular intervals as required by network design and security considerations. convention 6 below shows the count of the ciphering key (Kc).Subscriber Identity ConfidentialityTo ensure subscriber identity con fidentiality, the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is used. The TMSI is sent to the mobile station subsequently the authentication and encryption procedures have taken place. The mobile station responds by confirming reception of the TMSI. The TMSI is effectual in the location area in which it was issued. For communications outside the location area, the Location Area Identification (LAI) is necessary in addition to the TMSI. The TMSI allocation/reallocation process is shown in Figure 8 below.7. ADVANCEMENT IN THE GSM TECHNOLOGY1. INTERNET MOBILE goIMS has been an major discovery by the 3GPP LTE concepts being introduced in the GSM mobile phones as its architecture is eer being developed and more number of mobile service providers are implementing it to deliver services such as MMS and INTERNET. Because of this fast procession in the IMS technology is soon going to replace the conventional technologies used few years. Applying an IMS technology to an wireless mobi le network is not an complex procedure as it only requires the mobile operators to possess the IMS core, Application servers and customer service to take care of the needs of the users. The IMS can be modified upon the 2G and 3G mobiles as well because the mobile operators want to globalise this technology by migrating it from AMERICA to different places across the globe and making it fully commercial by 2008. Mobile networks have become an major slew in carrying out all the IP operations as this will enable a mobile device to have both Mobile and fixed broadband services and hence increasing the efficiency of the services.2. VOIP all over CELLULAR NETWORKSVOIP has been an major interest and an advancement in the mobile industry as it is currently being implemented in almost 85% of the mobile across the globe and hence it is an globally accepted standard for the GSM mobiles as it is going to match the standards of the IMS multimedia Telephony in the 3GPP technology and it will giv e rise to many services such as Internet and MMS servicesd on the handset. The growth of the VOIP has been a huge success because it is constantly trying to eliminate the concept of voice over the wi-fi and many operators are trying to develope the VOIP in an better way to decerase the operational costs and to cast few new services such as Push to Talk and intergrated mashups for the 3g mobiles.3. GSM operation onboard aircraftGSM technology allows the air passengers to use their mobile phones to talk during the flight of steps and the passengers are permitted to have incoming and outgoing calls and send and receive the schoolbook messages via SMS by the means of GPRS technology and the mobile phones are fitted with network access which have an on board network to allow the passengers to call only if will be charged with an roaming cost of making calls. The frequency what we are assigning here is in the 1800hz bandwidth and it is generally lower than 900 mhz to avoid the ground i nterference.ARCHITECTUREThe LTE 3GPP concept is been used in the GSM onboard system , since the connectivity of the mobile phones in the plane is normally through the GSM standards which is being developed by the 3GPP networks.8. CONCLUSIONHence the technical advancements in the GSM Technology is going to be more feasible because the GSM service onboard is perhaps the best mode of advancement in the GSM technology because it is capable of delivering swervices over the flight where it effectively manages the On board system on the plane and the aviation industry is authentically benifited by bthis move of Mobile technology which can benifit the aviation industry also.To ensure subscriber identity confidentiality, the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is used. The TMSI is sent to the mobile station after the authentication and encryption procedures have taken place. The mobile station responds by confirming reception of the TMSI. The TMSI is valid in the location area in wh ich it was issued. For communications outside the location area, the Location Area Identification (LAI) is necessary in addition to the TMSI. The TMSI allocation/reallocation process is shown in Figure 8 below.

Discrimination Concerns in a Business Environment

contrariety Concerns in a Business Environment arrangingal policies and proceduresLegal compliance hire variationDirect dissimilarity consists of treating a psyche less favourably than others be or would be treated, on the pace of induce, commove, handicap, religion or belief, and internal orientation. corroborative DiscriminationThis includes employs which look fair but overhear discriminatory cheek effects, which may or may non be conditioned.badgeringHarassment of psyches related to their sex, race, disability, religion or belief, or sexual orientation is regarded as a form of discrepancy, and is therefore il effective. Harassment is defined as outcast conduct related to either of the grounds covered by the jurisprudence which takes place with the exercise or effect of violating the dignity of a person and/or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment.VictimisationVictimisation occurs when an individual is adversely treat ed because they have made a complaint of discrimination or badgering, or deliverd evidence in such a shellOrganizations are legally required to follow a set of practices to witness discrimination is eradicated and expectations of comparison are met in the rub downplace.1970 The Equal Pay solve (EPA) (as amended), absorbs it unlawful for employers to secernate between men and women in terms of their comprise and conditions (including endure, holiday entitlement, pension etc) where they are doing the same or similar work work rated as equivalent or work of equal value.1975 The sexual practice Discrimination bet (SDA) (as amended), makes it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of sex or marital status in areas such as elaborate, reproduction and the furnish of goods and services.1976 The Race dealing Act (RRA) (as amended) makes it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of colour, race, and nationality, ethnic or national origin. The Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 outl aws discrimination in all humankind authority functions, and places a normal commerce on public authorities to promote race equivalence and good race relations. There is too a specific duty to produce a Race comparison Policy and undertake race equality impact assessments.1995 The baulk Discrimination Act (DDA) (as amended) makes it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of disability in the areas of appointment, the provision of goods and services and education. The 2005 Regulations get out peeled definitions of direct discrimination and harassment and widen the duty to make reasonable adjustments.1996 The Employment Rights Act (as amended by the Employment Relations Act 1999) covers many issues including an employees entitlement to maternity leave, paternity leave, adoption leave, enatic leave and the right to bespeak flexible working arrangements. It also outlaws damage in employment and affords employees a right not to be below the belt dismissed and to receive a redu ndancy payment (providing qualifying criteria are met). Further Regulations elaborate on these.1997 The Protection from Harassment Act makes harassment both a civil tort and criminal offence, and although originally drafted to tender cherishion from stalking, covers other forms of harassment, both in and out of the workplace.1999 The Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations make it unlawful to discriminate against a person for the purpose of employment or vocational training on the ground that that person intends to undergo, is under acquittance, or has at some time in the past undergone gender reassignment. In particular, the Regulations give homosexuals the right to be protected from direct discrimination.2001 The Special educational Needs and Disability Act (SENDA) extends the DDA (1995) to include the provision education (including higher(prenominal) Education). It makes it illegal to discriminate in the provision of education on the grounds of a students disabilit y. It is now largely incorporated within the DDA (2005).2002 The Employment Act makes provision for rights to paternity and adoption leave and pay amends the law relating to statutory maternity leave and pay makes provision for the use of statutory procedures in relation to employment disputes and covers the right to request flexible working.2003 The Employment equating (Religion and Belief) Regulations make it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of religion or religious belief in employment and vocational training.2003 The Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations make it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of sexual orientation in employment and vocational training. The Regulations protect homosexuals, heterosexuals and bisexuals.2004 The Gender Recognition Act 2004 gives legal recognition to a transsexuals acquired gender. For example, a male-to-female transsexual give be legally recognized as a woman in English law.2005Disability Discrimination Act makes substanti al amendments to the 1995 Act. It introduces a duty on all public bodies to promote equality of opportunity for disabled people. In particular, public bodies have to produce a Disability Equality Scheme to promote disability and to explain how they intend to fulfil the duty to promote equality.2005 The Employment Equality (Sex Discrimination) Regulations are concerned with the principle of equal treatment of men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions. It makes changes to the definition of harassment at work and indirect discrimination, and also prohibits discrimination on the grounds of maternalism and maternity leave.2006 The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations make it unlawful to discriminate against employees, trading seekers or trainees on grounds of age in employment and vocational training. They prohibit direct and indirect discrimination, exploitation, instructions to discriminate and harassment. They introduc e a minimum retirement age of 65 a duty on employers to respond to requests to work beyond retirement age and remove the amphetamine age limit for claiming a redundancy payment or dirty dismissal.2006 The Equality Act makes provision for the establishment of the Equality and Human Rights bursting charge (EHRC) by merging the Equal Opportunities Commission, the Commission for Racial Equality and the Disability Rights Commission. The EHRC is responsible for promoting equality and diversity and leave work towards eliminating discrimination on the usual grounds (including religion and belief, sexual orientation, age, gender, disability, race and gender reassignment2007 The Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007 make it unlawful to discriminate on the grounds of sexual orientation in the provision of goods, facilities and services, education, disposal and management of premises and the exercise of public functions.Meeting Organisational Aims and lading Elements which lead to peoples committal1. Commitment is anattitudeCommitment is anattitudea psychological place of mind which motivates people to work towards certain goals. Managers can train employees with new skills and impart them with new knowledge but quite often than not they find it extremely difficult to effect changes in peoples attitude.2. Use of resourcesCommitted people commit their total resources, which include going extra mile for achieving goals assigned to them.3. Achievementof goalsCommitted people not only work hard but also are also smart enough to know the ultimate results, which are expected of them. Commitment thus means striving till theachievementof ultimate goals. opus Equality and Diversity PoliciesA good policy will be split into these sectionsA statement of intentThis spells out transcriptional commitment to equality and diversity in terms of opportunity and access, and your commitment to tackle discrimination.A purposeThis explains why your arrangement is writing an d adopting the policy. Your disposal may handle to refer to and recognise issues of specific discrimination or refer to any specific research related to your organisation.A commitment to actionYour organisation needs to list what steps it will take to ensure that its intentions and purpose are reflected in the way the organisation plans action, makes decisions, recruits faculty and volunteers, delivers services and supports staff and volunteers and service users. There should be a statement about plus action to tackle under- representation in this section.A review of the legal requirementsYour organisation needs to describe how this legislation relates to your work and what steps you intend to take to ensure you meet the appropriate legal requirementsDiscrimination, harassment and victimisationThe policy needs to define direct and indirect discrimination (including discrimination by association and by perception), harassment and victimisation, all of which need to be tackled in the policy through statements committing the organisation to action.Implementation and communicationYour organisation needs to explain how the policy will be put into practice and how it will be communicated to all staff, volunteers and service users.Monitoring and evaluationYour organisation needs to describe how the policy will be monitored and evaluated and who will be responsible for that work. Your organisation needs to state how long the policy will be in existence and when it will be subject to review.Complaints or grievance and disciplinary proceduresYour organisation needs to make clear how complaints and disciplinary action can be triggered by actions contrary to the policy, how appeals can be made, who is responsible, and how matters are resolved.An action planFinally, you need to write an action plan. This will include objectives with clear outcomes, stating who is responsible for each objective, what resources are in place, when each target will be met and what evidenc e the organisation can provide to show the outcomes have been met.ReferencesImproving Equality and Diversity in Your Organisation A Guide for Third Sector CEOs. Retrieved from http//www.gadnetwork.org.uk/storage/ACEVO%202011%20Improving%20Equality%20and%20Diversity%20in%20Your%20Organisation%20-%20A%20guide%20for%20Third%20Sector%20CEOs.pdfDelivering Equality and Diversity. Retrieved from http//www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/l/e/Acas_Delivering_Equality_and_Diversity_(Nov_11)-accessible-version-Apr-2012.pdfRetrieved from http//www.businessballs.com/equality.htmLegal Services Commission Equality and Diversity focusing 2013.Retrieved from https//www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/legal-aid/civil-contracts/equality-diversity-guidance-for-providers.pdfRetrieved from http//www.selfgrowth.com/articles/ACHIEVING_EXCELLENCE_THROUGH_TOTAL_COMMITMENT.htmlRetrieved from www.dundeecity.gov.uk/dundeecity/uploaded/publication_1668.doc

Role Of Chance Samuel Becketts Waiting For Godot Philosophy Essay

Role Of Chance Samuel Becketts time lag For graven imageot Philosophy EssayThe purpose of life history is some function mystic, that us, humans, confine always seeked, yet dont re all in ally know how to find. What is our source to continue? The fact we dissolvet explain it, leads us to believe its because of a strong point broad then ours. There argon lots of contrastive name to call it. God. Fate. We dont know what the meanspiriteding of life is, and theres noone we evict ask. This picture can be pretty depressing in itself, and Waiting for Godot focuses on this feeling and on the way people humble to find something to live forThe trifle basically says that our lives rely on receive entirely, and because of it, they are meaningless, and thats the reason why people rely on unknown forces guiding them through life. And the provoke part is, that still the sources, that should justify the fact that there are greater powers in the universe then we can comprehend, say that human reality has a lot to do with dislodge. This is clearified when a story from the bible rough 2 thieves is mentioned. One of the two thiefes was rescued. Thats a reasonable percentage. (Beckett, 8) Percentage represents that chance involved in human life, and the fact that that our fate relies on chance expresss that randomness is an important factor in ones life. Beckett uses this quote from the Bible to show, that even a sacred text that has been an a help for thousands of years acknowledges the earthly concern of chance. One of the two thieves. Thats 50%. A 50% chance for salvation, and we take hold absolutely no control regarding this chance.The fact that God (if he exists) corset silent, makes the chaos even bigger. The situation that God lets life behave interchangeable this, makes him guilty. The peoples belief in God is explainable though, because it makes them believe that theres a reason to live. As Pascal, a french philisopher said (he was a believer b y the way), theres nonhing to lose, because if it turns out God doesnt exist, then people wouldnt care for anything anyway, only when if it turns out he does, at least you were on the safe brass all the way. But Gods silence is the main thing that keeps the characters in despair, and makes this work of art a tragedy, even though the characters act comically. Either God doesnt exist, or he just doesnt care. And this statement tells that theres no divine involvment in life.The world in Waiting for Godot is one without any meaning, which shows that chaos and acceptlessness are the leading forces of the world. The events in the work are repetetive. Vladimir and Estragon are at the same place e actually day, postponement for Godot, doing the same activites over and over again to pass time. This shows the chaotics world effects on the characters. As Einstein says The sign of going mad is doing something over and over again, and expecting different results.We dont know the time cycle the events transpire in. Time is a in truth intersting aspect in this play. It exists, but the reasons for this are not entirely clear, because the present, the past, the future, these things dont mean anything in this world. Time is a mess. A very good symbolisation of the fact that things are still happening though, are Pozzo and favourable. They are entirely different in Act I and Act II. (Pozzo is healthy/blind, Lucky is able to speak/mute). Beckett uses the change in the situation of Lucky and Pozzo to show that time, and therefore, life, is meaningless.Humans try to be distracted from this fact. Vladimir and Estragon both try to stay cheerful in the play, and try to pass time with haggard activites. Doing this, they act comical, which adds a humorous aspect to the play. The positive attitude of the two tramps thus amounts to a double negation their inability to recognize the senselessness of their plant (Andres, 143-144).Vladimir and Estragon do various things to get dis tracted from the endless wait. Discussing planetary topics, sleeping, and sometimes contemplating suicide. They do this because they try to ignore the fact that they are wait for a figure, which is part of their imagination, and might neer even decrease.They are waiting for Godot, and they think his arrival willing be a salvation to all their problems. They probably know this is only a wish that might never come true, but at least they have something to look introductory to. The only other alternative is death, and although they think about it, they dont have the heroism to do it. In the end all a human can do are pointless actions, or to perish.They do these pointless actions because they hope relief will come in a form of an outback(a) force. Godot symbolizes this force, and although he likely doesnt exist, he at least gives their lives a meaning.By waiting, they arrive at at least a bit of meaning. Vladimir, while contemplating whether or not to help Pozzo in Act II, dec lares, What are we doing here, that is the question. And we are blessed in this, that we happen to know the answer. Yes, in this immense confusion one thing alone is clear. We are waiting for Godot to come- (Beckett, 51)Even though salvation is an illusion, its required to be able to handle life, and that humans have to rely on Godots to live. Its not clear whether Godot is real or not. This is shown by the fact that in both acts, they mistake Pozzo for Godot. That means they have never seen Godot before.The only abut they have with him is the messenger boy he sends everyday, telling them that Godot will come the next day. When Vladimir finally realises that Godot in fact will never come, great depression overcomes him. Vladimir realizes that he has no choice but to put up with the illusion, and go on. Theres no point. But theres no other option.All of these characters go on, but in the old ruts, and only by retreating into patterns of thought that have already been thoroughly dis credited. In the universe of this play, on leads nowhere (Webb, 41).Waiting for Godot is all about how the world is based on chance, and the fact that a world based on chance cant have a real time sequence, and is therefore pointless, which makes life pointless too. Realizing this, humans will create distractions and diversions, in the form of patterns and reliance on divine forces, to nominate them a purpose to live.In my opinion this book is a very good demonstration of the big questions every human has to face in their lifetime.

Essay --

Adolf EichmannImagine a life of hiding in awe from being killed and hunted down, which is what the Holocaust was. During the Holocaust every unmatchable believes that Hitler is the one to blame. This is partially true, he does deserve most of the blame yet Adolf Eichmann shares some of it being one to help send over 6 million Jews to death in centration camps. It all started while Eichmann was a little boy.Adolf Eichmann was born on demo 19, 1906 in Solingen, Germany. He and the rest of his family moved to Linz, Australia while Adolf was in floor School. Believe it or non his best friend growing up was Jewish. His mother died while Adolf was at a young age and his buzz off remarried promptly after. Adolf was the only one to fail out of his high coach and not graduate of his family (Ruth 10-12).Adolf Eichmanns father put him into a check to become an engineer out of desperation for his son to succeed. Adolf Flunked out of that initiate unless as he had in high school. His fa mily approximation of him to be a disappointment. His father started a mining company and employed Adolf tho he didnt do well at that job either. Adolfs father pushed him to excel but Adolf just had no desire to work. Adolf would currently leave the mining business and join the army rather than to detain and work for his father (Ruth 12-15).Adolf Eichmann joined the army in an effort to slake boredom but ended up getting bored. He thought that it was repetitive, doing the same thing every day, all day. He told his drill instructor that the only reason he was doing so well was because his father would not buy him some new gloves and he was angry because of that. His anger make him surpass the rest of the soldiers. Adolf was promoted to the Austrian Legion. The Austrian L... ...ny responsibility for his fathers actions and is content with the penalisation the trail gave his father. Ricardo was the youngest of Adolfs sons. (Coffee with Eichmann Ynet)Adolf Eichmann was found gui lty of his crimes against Jewish people and was sentenced to death. Eichmann was hung on June 1, 1962. He was cremated and his ashes were put in the middle of the sea off the coast of Israel. His net words were very long. He talks about how he was just following orders which is true but that doesnt make it any more honorable to aid in the killing of over 6 million Jews. Eichmann said, To plaza it all up, I regret nothing. (Coffee with Eichmann (Ynet)Eichmann was truly evil and deserves a divvy up of the blame. He deported the Jews to the concentration camps. He was involved in sending over 6 million Jews to their death. He was a coward and fled the country after the war.

Child Abuse and Neglect :: Child Abuse Domestic Violence

Child vilification has been here as long as the United States of America and end-to-end the history of the World. Child abuse can cause serious upon to its victims. Estimates of the numbers of children who suffer physical abuse or cast by parents or guardians range from rough 1 percent of all children to about 15 percent, and figures are far higher if emotional abuse and neglect are included.(2. Quote from Encyclopedia Britannica 2007.) You see and hear about different cases of child abuse all the time in news reports, online, newspapers, movie house and sometimes by word of mouth in your community. We view these cases as deplorable acts of violence but why do we not we match this altogether?

Valedictorian Speech :: essays research papers

First of every I would like to plume my fellow classmates Hello my name is Sarah and I am very lofty to say I am valedictorian of this program. When I first started classes at this college I was afraid I wasnt even going to chap let alone be standing here today. It had been a vast time since I sat in a class room. I thought I was too obsolete to go back to school. and I was wrong.Coming to this school has been one of the most fulfilling decisions I bring on made in my life. When I am at home watching tv and a commercial for this college comes on my 4 year old will start yelling that my mommas college with a tumid smile on his face it makes me feel proud to be a part of this class. These past eight months have been tough. Especially for those of us with children who bang its not easy to do our homework when our kids argon trying to pretext in our text books. Or study for a strain when the bollocks up is crying. at first I felt a guilty, not having both time to spen d my son. But I just kept retrieve the banner we have over the stair case on our campus. It says return is temporary but I will be a college alum forever. As I stand up here today and all my hard work has paid of I know my children and my family are so proud of me. As I am sure all of you are as proud of all your graduates standing up here today. I would like to thank you all for giving us the extra help, suffer and understanding we have needed to succeed these past eight months. I would like to thank my teacher Mr. S, for making my learning experience at this school a fun and exciting one. Even thought at times it seamed like he thought we were marines instead of student, never the less he is just a great teacher I would like to take the time to thank my in-laws for letting me use their political machine to get to class when mine broke down.My other half for world so helpful with the kids when I had homework or a test to study for.

The Holocaust and the Cambodian Genocide: Similar or different? How ab

Evil doesnt even begin to c over it. The mass kill of millions of people. The complete obliteration of an entire society. Each and every genocide has the connatural core principles, but a distinct face. A dictator takes over a weak country with promises of returning it to its former glory, once he has every unitarys support, he implements extremely discriminatory laws and finds reasons to kill anyone who dares oppose him. The final solution and the Cambodian genocides are remarkably similar, and yet strikingly different. The final solution was an blast to wipe out all Jews and other minorities such as gypsies and invalid people. The Cambodian genocide, led by Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, was in slightly ways a mirror image of the Holocaust, but it happened forty-two days later. On the other hand, there are many more that one distinction that sets Cambodia apart from all other genocides. Although the two genocides are kinda different at a first glance, they are interestingly s imilar upon deeper inspection. For starters, the Holocaust is best known for its brutal and inhumane handling of prisoners, such as tattooing a number on their arm against their leave behind and feeding them food that is not even fit for dogs to consume (Holocaust). It may be shocking for some people to hear that in Cambodia, it was just as atrocious, maybe even worse. During the Khmer Rouge takeover in 1975 most Cambodians were forced to leave their homes on such short mark off that numerous families were killed on cite for not evacuating quickly sufficiency. Those lucky enough to escape immediate death were forced to work, unpaid, in labor camps until the don wore down their immune system and they died of some wretched disease ( genocide). Another intriguing similarity betw... .../www.yale.edu/cgp/chron.html.Eight Stages of race murders. Genocides and Conflicts. William Mitchell College of Law, 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. .Genocide- Cambodia. Talking rough Genocide - Genocides . Peace Pledge Union, n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. .Holocaust, 1933-1945, The World Without Genocide. William Mitchell College of Law, 2013. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. .January, Brendan. Genocide Modern Crimes Against Humanity. Minneapolis Twenty-First Century Books, 2007. Print.Walker, Luke. Cambodian Genocide. World Without Genocide. William Mitchell College of Law, 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. .

the 5 women :: essays research papers

Louie, Jason3/6/04Chinese 2 5The five women in the family did not get along well together. They were backstabbing severally other and no angiotensin-converting enzyme trusted each other. They fought about position in the family. The cleaning woman with a higher number is the lower ranked wife. Everyone needinessed to be the higher ranked wife so that they get the best carry off from the husband and the servants. They had to live in the same home together, which caused many problems. They were not able to live peacefully with one another.The scariest woman is the fourth part wife because she was able to kill two people in two days. First, she killed Yaner by leaving her out in the cold to freeze to death. Second, she tells the mystical about Third Wifes affair. Third Wife gets hanged in the forbidden room with gallows. The reason why Fourth Wife is shuddery is because she is able to kill people when she gets angry. If you make friends with her and tell her some secrets, she canister blackmail you with the information. If you dont comply with her, she can kill you.I feel that the women in the movie are living a ambitious life because they all boast to live together without liking each other. Everyone goes behind each others backs and betrays each other. If no one tried to compete for position in the family, no one would abominate each other. Everyone would get along fine and no one would have to die. For example, Second Wife had two different sides to her. One day, she would be elated for you. The next day, she will treat you very badly. If she doesnt do this, the family would be in a lot better situation.The Fourth Wife killed Yaner for her own benefit. Yaner was killed because she broke the rules of the home. Although, Fourth Wife didnt want Yaner to die, she had to make her sit outside in the cold to defend her reputation.Fourth Wife also killed Third Wife. However, it was because she was drunk. When she was drunk, she wasnt able to take care h erself and put herself together. This was irresponsible of her. Because of her irresponsibility and selfishness, two people had to die.If I were the Fourth Wife, I would try to find a way to become a better person instead of the selfish and irresponsible person I am.

Prejudice and Racism in Heart of Darkness, A Grain of Wheat, and A smal

The Literary Response to racism in Heart of Darkness, A Grain of Wheat, and A humiliated home base Racism and prejudice can be regarded as both social and individual phenomena, developed and manifested at all levels of society from government form _or_ system of government through organizational structures, inter- conclave and interpersonal interactions to intra-personal attitudes and feelings. Media and literature react to these perceptions and have taken part in shaping the attitudes and feelings of society. The fables Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, A Grain of Wheat by Ngugi wa Thiongo, and Jamaica Kincaids essay A small place represent a literary response to the insidious beak of racism in colonial and postcolonial history. Racism has typically been reflected by geomorphologic inequalities rooted in history and been perpetuated over time. The belief that one group was inferior to another was essential in order to justify the surgical procedure of dispossessing in digenous groups of their land during colonization. The colonial powers instituted and maintained differentials between different ethnical and cultural groups by parceling out admission to education or employment, and by restricting access to law and medical care. These inequalities consequently served to underline difference rather than similarity among the colonized and the colonizer, thus reinforcing stereotypes of superiority or inferiority. The policies and practices were aimed to reflect a belief that the dominant culture is the normal one, which served as a standard by which all else could be judged. Ngugi wa Thiongo is an African post-colonialist writer who portrays his experience of colonial racism from a natives view. In his novel A Grain of Wheat, he picture... ...o. 7 The Post Colonial Studies reader Editors Bill Ashcroft Gareth Griffiths, Helen Tiffin. Publisher Routledge New York, 1999 DiBeta, Karen A Grain of Wheat Dispelling the colossal Myth http//www.tcnj.edul mccaule/emposit.htm Accessed June 29, 2001 Human Rights Watch Leave No One to discriminate the Story. Genocide in Ruanda.Doc. 171-1 http//www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1 Accessed June 19, 2001 Eurofic European Forum for International Cooperation. Platform of the European Commission on Development and Cooperation, 115 Rue Stepin, Brussels, Belgium http//www.oneworld.org/eurostep Accessed June 21, 2001 Omoregie, F.K Rodney, Cabral and Ngugi as Guides to African Postcolonial Literature English Department, University of Botswana http//landow.stg.brown.edu/post/africa/omoregie11.htmlmungoshi1 Accessed June 28, 2001

The sacrificial Egg Essay -- essays research papers

Chinua Achebes short story The sacrificial lump illustrates the life of a young African primordial Julius Obi, and the arising conflicts between deuce shades. This short story takes place in a actually teeny-weeny crossroads in Africa, called Umuru in the mid 1900s. This young African Native, although no native of Umuru finds himself trapped between his own culture, beliefs and the westernized culture. Although Julius has embraced the western culture, after certain events he eventually finds himself coming back to his own beliefs. Achebe, uses these two very different cultures to demonstrate the clash it produces in this young mens life and, how no matter how hard he has embraced the western culture he was always going to go back to his own beliefs.The dispirited African village in this story has organism taken all over by the western culture. Westernization is paraden in the beginning of the story. Julius Obi sat gazing at his typewriter. There was an empty basket on the giant weighing machine. In these two quotes the typewriter and the weighing machine, odd objects for the African native of this village show perfectly how this town has being westernized. Julius Obi was not a native of Umuru. He had come like countless others from some bush village island. Having passed his Standard Six in a mission school he had come to Umuru to work as a clerk in the offices of the reigning European trading company This quote shows how Julius has himself being westernized. Westernization wasnt welcomed by many of the Umuru natives. The natives had long prayed for their town to prosper and grow. The strangers who came to Umuru came for the trade and money, not in search of duties to perform This shows that people who now came to town, came strictly for business and money, which tells the indorser how the town isnt what it used to be. And as if it did not suffice, the young sons and daughters of Umuru soil, support by schools and churches were behaving no better than the strangers. They neglected all their old tasks and unbroken only the revelries. This show how even the young ones of this village have being westernized to the point, where they completely neglect their own traditions and beliefs. The small African village set(p) on the bank of the river Niger has a story of its own, that only the old and keen-witted are able to des... .... He immediately set out for home, half-walking and half- speedning, for shadow-masks were not matter of superstition they were real. This shows how suddenly Julius, although westernized finds himself face to face with this culture he had decided to put aside. While running, Julius finds himself stepping on to something and realizes that he has stepped onto this nut case, this egg that was brought for offering. short enough Julius finds himself onto the ground hiding from these night-masks fearing for the worst. You can see that Julius who had tried to run away from his old beliefs had finally come ba ck to them and knew that by stepping onto the egg he had wronged Kitikpa.This story in general shows how people more a great deal than we think forget about their origin, where they came from, and what their cultures and traditions are. The trouble was that the disobedient youths had never nevertheless experienced the power of Kitikpa themselves they had only heard of it. Julius being there that night had experienced the power of Kitikpa himself. He knew his life would now be forever changed. Julius was now going to respect these beliefs he had long forgotten about.

Pablo Picasso and Cubic Art Essay -- Visual Arts

Hindu believes women are creator, caretaker, destroyer and a lover. Such beliefs are common in both eastern culture and western tradition that can be seen represented in diametrical canvases of m all renowned artists. From renaissance Michelangelo Angelo to abstract Pablo Picasso, artists have always painted women in divergent circles of life explaining different paradox of emotional feelings, spiritual beliefs, and physical representations. Explaining much(prenominal) themes in balanced form and in limited canvases was not viable without abstract thinking and imaginative hard work. Such trend in art can be seen in nontextual matter of different famed artists, which they created as per their thoughts and desire broadening meaning of visual arts gushing(a) the spices of science and technology.Keeping in harmony with colors was an important line of work to explain womens behavior as wells as making artwork acceptable to every body. Crossing the social boundaries and limitat ions would only bring nullify and controversy in the created artwork, which can happen by wrong accustom of color or wrong presentation of womens image. But for the artists like Pablo Picasso explaining the things without any boundaries and social limitations was the important thing first. Since the artwork he created have point of intersection boundaries both culturally and artistically, a viewer can have broader purviews and decisive analysis of life, death, and desire or the morality as well as science and technology or fiction. Picasso explains all these things in one artwork called young lady Before the Mirror, Oil on canvas, 54 X 43. Girl Before the Mirror is created in 1932 and it is said that the girl in the characterisation is his at the time girl friend Marie Therese Walter. No matter who is gaunt in... ... in different parts of the painting Girl Before a Mirror, and in the same manner Shiva as fractional Man and Half Woman also covers the same range and perspect ive of beliefs and diversities. Therefore, both artworks radiates the same theme generated by the simplicity of the ideas nourished by abstract thinking connecting the human beliefs to the imaginative world of desire and emotions though they are philosophically and ideologically different by the use of different colors for different themes. It also shows the similarities in humane thinking surrounded by two cultures that are religiously and culturally different and so apart. (Heller) give out CitedCassidy, David C. Einstein And Our World. 2nd ed. New York Humanity Books, 2004Freeman, Julian. Art A doss Course. New York Watson-Guptill, 1998Heller, Nancy G. Women Artists. 4th ed. New York Abbeville, 2003

Gay Marriage Essay -- Same-Sex Marriage Essays

jolly MarriageThere seem to be Specific time in history where certain issues define the culture tension in a order of magnitude. They become representative of large worldview and clearly emphasize the battle amidst divergent moral and spiritual perspectives. Homosexual matrimony in the united States is one of these issues. In the past five years, at that place have been variant threats and debates about the possibility of legalizing homosexual union. The issue took centre stage in February largely. The U.S Senate quashes a proposed constitutional amendment to ban homosexuals from marrying. President Bush and other same-sex labor union opponents say they entrust try again. Most of Americans are against same-sex spousal because how the commonwealth would change if gay were allowed to marry. Gay marriage could affects on American society in many different ways. 1.Polygamy.2.Federal spending.3.Religious speech.4.Children.5.Civil Rights.First, it is more likely to lead to po lygamy. For instance, says legalizing same-sex marriage will open the floodgates to polygamy. The more establishment moves towards sanctioning homosexual relationships, the less right it has to prevent plural marriage. The subject that same-sex marriage could lead to polygamy is Not beyond the bounds of reality, although incredibly unlikely, verbalize Michael Allen who teaches constitutional law at Stetson university college of law in disconnect port. We do non see that is as a realistic view. For instance, it is passing doubtful that solemnizing the union of accepting adults, equal in power in their relationships, would lead to acceptance of polygamous unions, which have, throughout most of history in those societies that have accepted them. If one man can marry anther man, you call for to ask then, what is it that you doing by prohibiting one man from marrying two women? Whats the darkness that you are tying to prevent? If same sex marriage is legalized there is no natural stopping point in redefining what is or is non acceptable. It would usurp much longer to legalize polygamy then gay marriage because it is more socially taboo. That is the reason that polygamists would get away with seek to take credit on same sex marriage (Attorney John Bucher). Second, gay marriage will affect on t... ...arched alongside Martin Luther King Jr, express the proposed Marriage protection Act was a step backward in civil rights. Those of us who came through the civil rights movement saw the national courts as a sympathetic referee. If it had not been for the federal courts, where would we be? If it had not been for the supreme court of 1954, there would still be legalized segregation in America to vote for this legislation would be like members of congress trying to stand in the courthouse doorstep, just like Government. Wallace stood in the schoolhouse door to stop the integration of Alabama schools today it is gay marriage, tomorrow it will be something else. In conclusion, it seems that the basic problem facing the problem is the limits amidst a right and privilege. The problem with an issue like marriage is that it is incomplete a right nor a privilege. In its simplest form a marriage is a union between consenting souls to share assets, responsibility, and form a Unit. We have the right to life, liberty, and a pursuit of happiness, we do not but it is a system that not only works salutary but has also been established as our system of laws. So the head about gay marriage should be banned.