Advance Communications Systems Gsm Information Technology Essay

Advance conversations Systems Gsm In stageion engineering EssayIn Tele communication theory industriousnesss, cellular is the fastest and very demanding Technology. Today, It is representing a constant increasing percentage of all sound subscriptions around the globe. GSM is the most fashionable exampleised for fluid telephony arrangings. It is estimated that around 80% of worldwide vigorous market applys this streamer. Currently there be about 4 one thousand million cellular referees around the world. GSM differs from its previous technologies in that both intercommunicateling and speech channel be digital. Thus GSM is considered as 2nd Generation (2G).Definition spherical remains for wandering communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group naturalized in 1982 to create a common European erratic tele foretell standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European expedit ious cellular radiocommunication system operating at 900 megahertz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe go out mating the GSM partnership.The GSM family of technologies has provided the world with industrious communications since 1991. In over twenty long sequence of development, GSM has been continually enhanced to provide platforms that deliver an increasingly broad commit of roving go as demand grows. Where the constancy started with plain role calls, it in a flash has a powerful platform capable of supporting unsettled broadband and multimedia services. GSM is now utilize in 219 countries and territories serving to a greater extent than three billion people and providing travellers with admission fee to planetary services wheresoever they go.GSMAn open, digital cellular engine room utilize for transmitting rambling vocalism and selective information servicesEDGEAn open, digital cellular engineering science utilize for transmitting mobile vo ice and entropy servicesHSPAAn open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data servicesGPRSAvery widely deployed wireless data service, available now with most GSM communicates3G/WCDMAThe air interface for one of the International Telecommunications Unions family of third-generation mobile communications systemsLTEDesigned to be backwards-compatible with GSM and HSPA, Long Term Evolution incorpo judge MIMO in cabal with OFDMAGSM RoamingThe ability for a customer to do workand touch calls, sendand receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the insurance coverage atomic number 18a of their home lucreIMBA technology, defined as a part of the 3GPP Rel. 8 standard, which enables spectrally-efficient delivery of Broadcast services utilize TDD radio techniques.2. GSM netThe GSM skillful specifications define the diametric entities that form the GSM network by defining their functions and interface requirements.The GSM network erect be divided into quadruplet of import partsThe runny Station (MS).The bag Station Subsystem (BSS).The entanglement and Switching Subsystem (NSS).The cognitive operation and Support Subsystem (OSS).The architecture of the GSM network is presented in account 1.3. GSM Network achievementsGSM network architectureThere are intravenous feeding main areas of GSM Network erratic station (MS)Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)Base-station subsystem (BSS)Simplified GSM Network Architecture active stationMobile stations (MS) are too widely known as mobile equipment (ME), cell or mobile phones. This is the part of a GSM cellular network which is used and operated by exploiter. The size of mobile phone In new years is becoming more and more smaller whereas the level of functionality has greatly increased. The two basic section of mobile phone are the hardware and the SIM.The main element of the mobile phone is hardware which includes the display, case, battery.A nonher important element of the Mobile are the electronics which are used to generate the signal, and process the data receiver and to be contagious. International Mobile Equipment identity operator (IMEI) is installed in the phone at manufacture and cannot be changed. The network can check whether the mobile has been reported as stolen with its IMEI composition the registration of the phone.The network determines the identity of the user with The SIM or Subscriber Identity Module. The SIM includes variety of information including a subdue known as the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)The GSM network subsystem contains a variety of different elements. This is the element of GSM which provides the main control and interfacing for the whole mobile network. NSS is also known as the nucleus network and includes the following elementsAuthentication fondnessHome Location tapeSMS approachVisitor Location Regist erEquipment Identity RegisterGateway Mobile Switching CentreMobile Switching services CentreBase Station Subsystem (BSS)The system used to communicate with other mobiles on a network is called Base Station Subsystem (BSS) section . It consists of two elementsBase Station assertlerBase Transceiver StationOperation and Support Subsystem (OSS)Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) is used to control and monitor the overall GSM network and is committed to components of the NSS and the BSC.It is also used to control the traffic load of the BSS. As the proofreader population increases with the resulted do of BS, some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, thus it allows savings in the cost of ownership of the system. Each interface between the different elements of the GSM network is defined in the GSM structure. This facilitates the information interchanges can take tell and also that network elements from different manufacturers can be used.Development of GSM direct In terface is the primeval elements of the development of the GSM, Global System for Mobile Communications. Elements including the modulation, GSM slot structure, burst structure and the like were all devised to provide the optimum functioning. changeover format is an important development of the GSM standard , the way in which the system is time division multiplexed, which provides a considerable impact on the performance of the system as a whole. For example, the modulation format for the GSM air interface and battery life are directly associated and the time division format adopted enabled the cellphone handset cost to be considerably cut down as detailed later.Reference http//www.brighthub.com/mobile/windows-mobile-platform/articles/14286.aspxixzz0hoQeU6uY4. GSM Advantages DisadvantagesGSM AdvantagesGSM is grown-up authority this development means a more constant network with healthy features.Fewer signal fall inside buildings.Ability to use repeaters. address-time is general ly advanced in GSM phones due to the pulse temper of contagion.The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to change networks and handsets.GSM covers almost all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem.The subscriber can enjoy the broadest international coverage. It is possible with the GSM roaming service. peachy coverage indoors on 850/900 megacycle per second. Repeaters possible.Very good due to uncomplicated protocol, good coverage and mature, power-efficient chipsets.Some More Advantages most popularCommunicationMobile, wireless communication, support for voice and data services.Total mobilityInternational access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers.Worldwide connectivityOne number, the network handles every spatial relation. high-pitched capacityBetter relative frequency efficiency, smaller cells, and more customers per cell.High transmission qualityHigh audio recording quality and reliability for wireless.D isadvantages of GSMPulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with some electronics, especially confident audio amplifiers. 3G uses W-CDMA now.Intellectual property is concentrated among a few constancy participants, creating barriers to accession for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers.GSM has a permanent uttermost cell site enjoin of 35 km, which is imposed by technical limitations.GSM has some disadvantages when compared to some of the newer mobile network technologies.GSM is known as a second-generation system. Third-generation systems feature higher data transfer rates. Higher transfer rates allow better call quality and additional services such(prenominal) as high-quality streaming video and high-speed Internet capabilities.Evolution from 2G to 3G2G networks were built mainly for voice data and slow transmission. Due to fastchanges in user expectation, they do not gather todays wireless needs.Cellular mobile telecommunications netw orks are being upgraded to use 3Gtechnologies from 1999 to 2010. Japan was the first country to antecede 3Gnationally.How is 3G different from 2G and 4GWhile 2G stands for second-generation wireless telephone technology, 1Gnetworks used are analog, 2G networks are digital and 3G (third-generation)technology is used to enhance mobile phone standards.3G helps to concurrently transfer both voice data (a telephone call) andnon-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging e-mail, andinstant messaging. The highlight of 3G is video telephony. 4G technologystands to be the future standard of wireless devices.5. GSM Applications1. GSM-R (Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway)GSM-R is the latest technology for railway communications found on International wireless communications standards. The GSM-R system is based on GSM and EIRENE-MORANE specifications and it guarantee at 350 mph without any data passing play in communication.GSM-R is one part ofERTMS(European Rail Traffic Management System) which is quiet ofGSM-R.ETCS(European Train Control System).Frequency bandGSM-R uses a specificfrequency band in Europe, which is as follows876MHz 880MHz used for data transmission (uplink)921MHz 925MHz used for data reception (downlink) descent spacing is 200kHz.GSM-R occupied a lower extension of GSM 900MHz frequencies (890MHz 915MHz range for transmission and 935MHz 960MHz range for reception), as per 3GPP TS 05.05 V8.20.0 (2005-11). InChinaGSM-R occupied a 4MHz wide range of the E-GSM band (900MHz-GSM).GSM-R usesGSM-R allows the services and applications for mobile communications in many domainsTransmission of Long Line Public Address (LLPA) announcements to far stations down the lineControl and fosterion (Automatic Train Control/ETCS) andERTMS)Communication between train driver and regulation centre,Communication of on-board working(a) peopleInformation sending forETCSCommunication betweentrain stations,smorgasbord yardandrail tracks2. GSM for Disaster ManagementGSM Technology is being used for prevention in tragedys. Many cellular companies offer charity disaster relief services to the effected areas. The response program is an initiative to make sure that the communications are going on during disasters. The response aggroup is made up of volunteers and telecom engineers who bring their equipments and the whole Mini-GSM system. Basically this is an stallion Portable Mobile Network so that the effected people can live contact with the other people around the world. As we lease seen in Haiti Earthquake disaster.3. Remote monitoring applications using GSM TelemetryRemote tank car Level MonitoringWireless Remote Monitoring for PumpsLeakage detective work in TanksAutomated Condition MonitoringRemote communications to PLC using GSM TelemetryGSM Odometer ( gasoline mileage Management System)GSM odometer is such a device used to facilitate cash in ones chips boldness of vehicles. This testament report all required inf ormation about the vehicle through E-mail or mobile SMS. This device is based on GSM modem with embedded software. This is concept is called Mileage attention System. This is a very useful technology for those organizations which need vehicle administration on daily basis. This system is richly compatible with your vehicle and telephone exchange control room. GSM odometer also reports the following informationThe total number of working hours of the vehiclesSpeed profiles of the vehiclesTracking using GSM location serviceBenefits of Mileage Management SystemIt provides very accurate mileage information of the vehicle. elementary vehicle service recall.Better customer services.Less process time70 to 80% reduction in cost for daily fleet administration.Correct invoicing, information about the mileage may easily be integrated into the fleet owners billing and administrationEnhanced trade protectionMobile Application SecurityThe mobile users around the globe are steady increasing an d hopefully will continue to grow more quick in future. Openess offers benefits to the customers, device management and operators. But on the other habd oppenness also chanllenges the security risks and malicious applications. Therefore security is the delineate concern for the mobile and communications industry.GSM Association Mobile Application Security Initiativeidentify the need of security applications crossways mobile operating systems to reduce the malware while facilitating the users. The challenge for mobbile applications are many. Some are included which areProactively protect mobile users from fraud and malicious applicationsAssure quality and accountability of mobile applicationsMaintain trust in mobile platforms (and vitiate similar problems in the Internet world)Secure existing and future businessProtect operators against costs originating from malicious applicationsFacilitate certification processes to reduce barriers for developersEnsure consistency across differ ent OS platforms and operators.6. GSM Security and EncryptionDescription of GSM Security FeaturesSecurity in GSM consists of the following aspects subscriber identity authentication, subscriber identity confidentiality, foretoken data confidentiality, and user data confidentiality. The subscriber is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). This information, along with the individual subscriber authentication expose (Ki), constitutes sensitive identification credentials analogous to the electronic Serial Number (ESN) in analog systems such as AMPS and TACS. The endeavor of the GSM authentication and encryption schemes is such that this sensitive information is never transmitted over the radio channel. Rather, a challenge-response mechanism is used to perform authentication. The demonstrable conversations are encrypted using a temporary, randomly generated ciphering key (Kc). The MS identifies itself by means of the transitory Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), which is issued by the network and may be changed periodically (i.e. during hand-offs) for additional security.Signal and Data ConfidentialityThe SIM contains the ciphering key generating algorithm (A8) which is used to produce the 64-bit ciphering key (Kc). The ciphering key is computed by applying the like random number (RAND) used in the authentication process to the ciphering key generating algorithm (A8) with the individual subscriber authentication key (Ki). As will be shown in later sections, the ciphering key (Kc) is used to encrypt and decode the data between the MS and BS. An additional level of security is provided by having the means to change the ciphering key, making the system more resistant to eavesdropping. The ciphering key may be changed at regular intervals as required by network design and security considerations. convention 6 below shows the count of the ciphering key (Kc).Subscriber Identity ConfidentialityTo ensure subscriber identity con fidentiality, the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is used. The TMSI is sent to the mobile station subsequently the authentication and encryption procedures have taken place. The mobile station responds by confirming reception of the TMSI. The TMSI is effectual in the location area in which it was issued. For communications outside the location area, the Location Area Identification (LAI) is necessary in addition to the TMSI. The TMSI allocation/reallocation process is shown in Figure 8 below.7. ADVANCEMENT IN THE GSM TECHNOLOGY1. INTERNET MOBILE goIMS has been an major discovery by the 3GPP LTE concepts being introduced in the GSM mobile phones as its architecture is eer being developed and more number of mobile service providers are implementing it to deliver services such as MMS and INTERNET. Because of this fast procession in the IMS technology is soon going to replace the conventional technologies used few years. Applying an IMS technology to an wireless mobi le network is not an complex procedure as it only requires the mobile operators to possess the IMS core, Application servers and customer service to take care of the needs of the users. The IMS can be modified upon the 2G and 3G mobiles as well because the mobile operators want to globalise this technology by migrating it from AMERICA to different places across the globe and making it fully commercial by 2008. Mobile networks have become an major slew in carrying out all the IP operations as this will enable a mobile device to have both Mobile and fixed broadband services and hence increasing the efficiency of the services.2. VOIP all over CELLULAR NETWORKSVOIP has been an major interest and an advancement in the mobile industry as it is currently being implemented in almost 85% of the mobile across the globe and hence it is an globally accepted standard for the GSM mobiles as it is going to match the standards of the IMS multimedia Telephony in the 3GPP technology and it will giv e rise to many services such as Internet and MMS servicesd on the handset. The growth of the VOIP has been a huge success because it is constantly trying to eliminate the concept of voice over the wi-fi and many operators are trying to develope the VOIP in an better way to decerase the operational costs and to cast few new services such as Push to Talk and intergrated mashups for the 3g mobiles.3. GSM operation onboard aircraftGSM technology allows the air passengers to use their mobile phones to talk during the flight of steps and the passengers are permitted to have incoming and outgoing calls and send and receive the schoolbook messages via SMS by the means of GPRS technology and the mobile phones are fitted with network access which have an on board network to allow the passengers to call only if will be charged with an roaming cost of making calls. The frequency what we are assigning here is in the 1800hz bandwidth and it is generally lower than 900 mhz to avoid the ground i nterference.ARCHITECTUREThe LTE 3GPP concept is been used in the GSM onboard system , since the connectivity of the mobile phones in the plane is normally through the GSM standards which is being developed by the 3GPP networks.8. CONCLUSIONHence the technical advancements in the GSM Technology is going to be more feasible because the GSM service onboard is perhaps the best mode of advancement in the GSM technology because it is capable of delivering swervices over the flight where it effectively manages the On board system on the plane and the aviation industry is authentically benifited by bthis move of Mobile technology which can benifit the aviation industry also.To ensure subscriber identity confidentiality, the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is used. The TMSI is sent to the mobile station after the authentication and encryption procedures have taken place. The mobile station responds by confirming reception of the TMSI. The TMSI is valid in the location area in wh ich it was issued. For communications outside the location area, the Location Area Identification (LAI) is necessary in addition to the TMSI. The TMSI allocation/reallocation process is shown in Figure 8 below.